But Berryman differs from Whitman in his willingness to be deliberately illiterate; even Whitman was not prepared to operate outside of grammatical norms. Whitman is full of humor, but it is not syntactic or grammatical humor. On the contrary, his ornately parallel syntax, his fluid grammar, do not risk outraging literacy itself, no matter how heterodox his themes. Influenced by Hopkins’s wrenching of syntax, Berryman adopted grammatical and syntactic violations as his stylistic signature, wronging syntax in a mode beyond even that of Hopkins.