idea that (following Auerbach in Mimesis), as the conceit of the afterlife in Dante’s Comedy, and the conceit of ‘the stage’ in Shakespeare’s plays (“all the world’s a stage”) , and the metafictional aspect of Don Quixote (Cervantes writing not about Don Quixote per se but about a history of Don Quixote he has found), are artifices that contribute to the realistic effects of these works; so secondary literature and critical apparatus about Ulysses make possible the realism of the book itself, and represent a further evolution of such artifices in Western Literature.