Two Iliad Questions

  1. Does praying for an outcome in The Iliad increase the likelihood of achieving that outcome? Thus, for instance, Meriones beats Teukros in the archery competition after praying for success (23.859-881), but Pandoras does not succeed in taking down Menelaos though he prays to Apollo before shooting at him (4.119-121).
  2. Do characters have any proficiency in identifying which outcomes are the result of the god’s influence and which are not? In book 3, for example, Menelaos blames Zeus, for his mischances in attacking Paris, (whose influence over this event the narrator doesn’t mention), but says nothing of Aphrodite, whose direct intervention — as the audience is explicitly told — makes possible Paris’ escape.